Battle of the Somme in World War I

The Battle of the Somme was fought from July 1 to November 18, 1916 during World War I (1914-1918). In 1916, the British and French intended to launch a large-scale offensive along the Somme River. With the beginning of the Battle of Verdun in February, the focus changed to a British-centric operation with the goal of relieving pressure on the French. Moving forward on July 1, the British sustained massive losses in the opening hours of the offensive while French troops made some gains. Far from the breakthrough hoped for by the high command, the Battle of Somme became an extended, grinding affair that came to symbolize the futility of the fighting on the Western Front.   Background Meeting at Chantilly in December 1915, the Allied high command worked to develop war plans for the coming year. It was agreed that the most effective path forward would be simultaneous offensives on the Eastern, Western, and Italian Fronts. This approach would preclude the Central Powers from being able to shift troops to meet each threat in turn. On the Western Front, the British and French planners moved forward and ultimately decided to mount a large, combined offensive along the Somme River. The initial plan called for the bulk of the troops to be French with support from the British Fourth Army in the north. While supportive of the plan, the commander of the British Expeditionary Force, General Sir Douglas Haig, had originally desired to attack in Flanders. As plans for the Somme offensive were developed, they were soon changed in response to the Germans opening the Battle of Verdun in late February 1916. Rather than delivering the crippling blow to the Germans, the Somme offensives principal goal would now be to relieve pressure on the beleaguered French defenders at Verdun.   Additionally, the primary composition of the troops involved would be British rather than French. Planning For the British, the main push would come north of the Somme and would be led by General Sir Henry Rawlinsons Fourth Army. Like most parts of the BEF, the Fourth Army was largely composed of inexperienced Territorial or New Army troops. To the south, French forces from General Marie Fayolles Sixth Army would attack on both banks of the Somme. Preceded by a seven-day bombardment and the detonation of 17 mines under German strong points, the offensive began at 7:30 AM on July 1. Attacking with 13 divisions, the British attempted advance up an old Roman road that ran 12 miles from Albert, northeast to Bapaume. Armies Commanders Allies Field Marshal Douglas HaigGeneral Ferdinand Foch13 British and 11 French divisions (rising to 51 and 48) Germany General Max von GallwitzGeneral Fritz von Below10 divisions (rising to 50) Disaster on the First Day Advancing behind a creeping barrage, British troops encountered heavy German resistance as the preliminary bombardment had been largely ineffective. In all areas the British attack achieved little success or was repulsed outright. On July 1, the BEF suffered over 57,470 casualties (19,240 killed) making it the bloodiest day in the history of the British Army. Dubbed the Battle of Albert, Haig persisted in pushing forward over the next several days. To the south, the French, utilizing different tactics and a surprise bombardment, achieved more success and reached many of their initial objectives. Grinding Ahead As the British attempted to re-start their attack, the French continued to advance along the Somme. On July 3/4, the French XX Corps nearly achieved a breakthrough but was forced to halt to allow the British on their left flank to catch up. By July 10, French forces had advanced six miles and had captured the Flaucourt Plateau and 12,000 prisoners. On July 11, Rawlinsons men finally secured the first line of German trenches, but were unable to breakthrough. Later that day, the Germans began shifting troops from Verdun to reinforce General Fritz von Belows Second Army north of the Somme (Map). As a result, the German offensive at Verdun was ended and the French achieved the upper hand in that sector. On July 19, German forces were reorganized with von Below shifting to First Army in the north and General Max von Gallwitz taking over Second Army in the south. In addition, von Gallwitz was made an army group commander with responsibility for the entire Somme front. On July 14, Rawlinsons Fourth Army launched an attack Bazentin Ridge, but as with other earlier assaults its success was limited and little ground was gained. In an effort to break the German defenses in the north, Haig committed elements of Lieutenant General Hubert Goughs Reserve Army. Striking at Pozià ¨res, Australian troops carried the village largely due to the careful planning of their commander, Major General Harold Walker, and held it against repeated counterattacks. Success there and at Mouquet Farm allowed Gough to threaten the German fortress at Thiepval. Over the next six weeks, the fighting continued along the front, with both sides feeding a grinding battle of attrition. Efforts in the Fall On September 15, the British mounted their final attempt to force a breakthrough when they opened the Battle of Flers-Courcelette with an attack by 11 divisions. The debut of the tank, the new weapon proved effective, but was plagued by reliability issues. As in the past, British forces were able to advance into the German defenses, but could not fully penetrate them and failed to reach their objectives. Subsequent small assaults at Thiepval, Gueudecourt, and LesbÅ“ufs achieved similar results. Entering the battle on a large scale, Goughs Reserve Army began a major offensive on September 26 and succeeded in taking Thiepval. Elsewhere on the front, Haig, believing a breakthrough was near, pushed forces towards Le Transloy and Le Sars with little effect. With winter approaching, Haig initiated the final phase of the Somme Offensive on November 13, with an attack along the Ancre River to the north of Thiepval. While assaults near Serre failed completely, attacks to the south succeeded in taking Beaumont Hamel and achieving their objectives. A final attack was made on the German defenses on November 18 which effectively ended the campaign. Aftermath The fighting at the Somme cost the British approximately 420,000 casualties, while the French incurred 200,000. German losses numbered around 500,000. During the campaign British and French forces advanced around 7 miles along the Somme front, with each inch costing around 1.4 casualties. While the campaign achieved its goal of relieving pressure on Verdun, it was not a victory in the classic sense. As the conflict increasingly became a war of attrition, the losses incurred at the Somme were more easily replaced by the British and French, than by the Germans. Also, the large-scale British commitment during the campaign aided in increasing their influence within the alliance. While the Battle of Verdun became the iconic moment of the conflict for the French, the Somme, particularly the first day, achieved a similar status in Britain and became a symbol of the futility of war.

Essay about kick the habit - 1080 Words

Most people know that smoking tobacco can cause lung cancer, but what they do not know is that it can cause many other cancers and illnesses. It is not enough to eat healthy and workout regularly, if you keep that bad habit then you are just limiting yourself from your full potential and performance. In our profession it is vital that we are able to perform at our peak when it counts, lives may depend on us and we need to take that into serious consideration every time we put a cigarette to our mouth. Diseases, moral, overall appearance, are just some of the things affected by smoking cigarettes. You not only hurt yourself when you smoke, you are hurting everyone else around you. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It is not enough just to†¦show more content†¦The same can be said about throat and mouth cancer, which hardly ever happen to non-smokers. Ninety percent of lung cancer cases are due to smoking and only .5 percent of people who have never touched a cigarette develop lung cancer. One in ten smokers will die of lung cancer and the numbers continue to grow as long as people start smoking at young ages and the deeper a person inhales the smoke. With all the smoke that a firefighter already inhales one can only wonder why one would want to smoke. Think about what a firefighter encounters during their normal job routine, it can range all from smoke to chemical spills to hazardous vapors to radiation. If you think about how rough this profession already is then why would someone want to make it even harder on themselves. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Asthma is also a common disease that smoking will trigger. When a person has asthma their air passages swell up and make it hard for a person to breathe. When a person who has asthma smokes it can only make it worse. The medication prescribed to asthma patients helps reduce the inflamation in the lungs and make the air passages bigger so that oxygen may travel more freely. 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English Speech Format Free Essays

Speech: A speech is an extended textual composition. May be based on a verbal or visual stimulus. A speech, like the article, requires a student to express his/her own opinion on a given subject. We will write a custom essay sample on English Speech Format or any similar topic only for you Order Now Write about 3-5 paragraphs. 1st Para †¢Heading or title †¢Introduction-salutation- Addressing the audience, self-introduction- and introducing the topic 2nd Para †¢Logically develop your argument. Credit is given for creativity in presenting ideas. †¢Points should be well organized and linked. Should read fluently. †¢Use rich vocabulary. Spellings must be correct. Use idiomatic expressions 3rd Para †¢Give different thoughts. †¢Points should be coherent. †¢You can take up different issues. 4thd Para †¢Discuss the connected themes as well. †¢Discuss problems if any and provide solutions. †¢Arrive towards a conclusion. 5th Para-Conclusion †¢Repeat and reiterate your point of view. †¢Correct voice (passive, active) and tense to be used. †¢Finally, give a very strong conclusion. Solved Example: Speech: Forgiveness makes, anger mars By The Speech Writer Good morning respected Principal, teachers and my dear friends! This is The Speech Deliverer from 10-A, delivering a speech on, â€Å"Forgiveness makes, anger mars. † In today’s hectic times anyone can hurt us anytime—and that too without any rhyme or reason or fault of ours! May be we can also do the same to others. We always look for a healing touch after someone has hurt, humiliated or insulted us. A wise man will make haste to forgive because he knows the true value of time, and will not suffer it to pass away in unnecessary pain. On the other hand, anger is a short madness and when a man grows angry, his reason rides out. Fury and anger carry the mind away. True, anger is never without a reason, but seldom with a good one. In fact anger is the fury and frenzy of the soul. Anger is hard to combat as it is willing to buy revenge with life. By controlling the anger of a minute, one may avoid the remorse of a lifetime. So, with the good man anger is quick to die. One reason is that it may compensate for the powerlessness we experienced when we were hurt. We may feel more in charge when we are filled with anger. But forgiving instils a much greater Medically speaking, people who remain angry most are susceptible to hypertension and related heart/brain diseases. Re-living unsuccessful or humiliating situations in the past hurt over and over again and prove bad for your health. other illnesses. Angry men make themselves beds of nettles. Anger always begins with folly and ends with repentance. Anger is like those ruins that break themselves against what they fall upon. Anger is a spender and few indulge it without cost. How to cite English Speech Format, Essay examples

The Soil for Horticulture

Question: Give some examples of soil tests (and the results) youve done. What actions were taken as a result of the tests? Answer: Initially, before planning the garden, the soil should be tested which assess how much the soil is suitable for planting specific plants which are required to be planted. Therefore, before preparing the soil for horticulture, the soil would be taken to the laboratory and would be tested against the current requirement. For sweet corn cultivation, the necessary soil tests that would be carried out are described below: The soil structure and tilth test is important for growing sweet corn because it grows well in sandy or well-drained soil. Soil in a neither wet nor dry condition has been taken up and then the soil is broken by the fingers. Organic rich soil forms almost round aggregates. This shows that the ground is porous. Porous soil allows free water and air movement, which is suitable for sweet corn production. The results revealed that the soil had good structure and tilth. This test is done for analyzing the presence of organic plant residue from the previous plowing. The soil would be dug up to 6 inches and the presence of brown colored humus would be observed. Presence of organic residue indicates good aeration and decomposition in the soil which is good for cultivation of sweet corn. The result revealed that compaction of the porous soil is suitable for cultivation of sweet corn. It is done for analyzing the suitability of the soil for cultivation. The amount of fuel cost during tilling, digging. The effort that has to be given for the cultivation of plants also determines the workability of the soil. The more workable the soil is, the more its yield. The soil which is being used is an aged soil where one crop has already been cultivated in previous session. The previous reports supported the good yield of the crop field. It is tested for analyzing the depth of the soil which is accessible for the plant that is to be cultivated. In this context, the compaction should be at least 6 inches for cultivating sweet corn plant. For testing, a wire is inserted in the soil and the depth of wire insertion has been noted. A very compact soil is not ideal for growing plants. These soils inhibit water and nutrient transport and cause stunted root growth. Loose soil helps the earthworm circulation provides proper aeration and fertilizing effect. The wire went up to 6 inches which showed moderate compactness of the soil, indicating good aeration. Presence of living organism in soil , like earth worm is suitable for cultivating sweet corn because these organisms helps in aeration of soil. The soil organisms break down complex organic forms into simpler forms that can be easily utilized and taken up by the plants. Therefore, the soil sample is observed for the presence of earthworm, centipede or beetles for half an hour. The results revealed the presence of earthworm indicating nutrient rich and aged nature of the soil. Soluble phosphate in the soil helps in the growth of the plants. Therefore, the presence of soluble phosphate in the soil should be tested for sweet corn cultivation. The sample soil would be collected and sent to laboratory for phosphate test. The result revealed that phosphate level was low in the soil. Nitrate compound rich soil is good for cultivating sweet corn. As the sweet corn grows well in aged manure or compost, nitrate rich soil would be suitable. The soil sample would be collected in a container and sent to laboratory for testing nitrate content. Humus rich soil is more suitable. The results showed moderate level nitrogen and absence of ammonia in the soil. Based on the results of the soil tests, nitrogen rich fertilizers would be applied on the soil for enhancing its fertility rate and thereby making it more suitable for sweet corn production. Plant site- while analyzing site, the well-drained soil has been selected after testing the composition and structure of the soil. As it is a warm season crop, the soil would be tested for aeration and water circulation capacity. The site selected for the sweet crop cultivation is at Chestnut Road in Roseville. The site was used for cultivating another crop last year which had good yield. Therefore, the site was suitable for the horticulture project. Before planting, the texture of the soil has been examined, as it determined the nutrient retention capacity for plant nutrition. Soil textural triangle is used to determine the texture of the soil that is under tests. The plant site contained peaty soil which is suitable for growing sweet corn. The soil tests have already proved that the soil clots can be broken by fingers. With the help of pH meter or a pH strip soil pH has been measured. For the cultivation of sweet corn, the soil pH should be within 5.5 -7. In low pH plants can suffer from magnesium deficiency. The pH tests showed that the soil from plant site have pH 6.7 which is suitable for cultivation. Based of the availability and position of the crop field, the decision of cultivating sweet corn has been undertaken. After getting all the results of soil testing, the soil has been proved to be suitable for planting sweet corn. While preparing soil, weeds, rock particles trash and any other impurities are removed from the soil by digging the soil up to 8- 10 inches through rototiller. However, 6 inches deep soil is enough for sweet corn. Finally, the soil is raked to level the surface. Addressing the level of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, it has been decided that the nitrogenous fertilizers is required for successful cultivation of the crop. For stimulating the growth of plant, 10-10-10 is suitable for every 100 square feet of field. The fertilizer would be spread into the soil 3-4 inches deep and then the soil would be raked. However, the soil showed moderate nitrogen content, thus potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, about 110Kg/ha of nitrogen or 240Kg/ha of urea would be used in a systematic manner. . Other fertilizers added for side-dressing are applied during the stages of early tasseling. Using too much of phosphatic fertilizer containing high levels of cadmium can increase the level of cadmium in the soil, and that is taken up by the plants. In addition, natural fertilizers, cow dung and bio fertilizers were used. The requirements for growing the plants were, the temperature should be above 12C. Warm climate with at least 80-120 days of frost free days is required for a good harvest. The germination process takes place at 18C. The plant requires an optimum temperature of 24C to 30 C. Adequate moisture in the environment is a requirement for the growing season, especially during the stages of flowering. Waterlogged conditions are avoided since it is detrimental to the growth of the plant. Calculated decisions helps minimize environmental risk associated with the use of fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides. Watering is important for keeping seeds wilting, especially during maturation and kernels forming. After planting, regular monitoring with watering was done and supervised. Water is sprinkled over the field in adequate amount, and it helps to avoid water logging environment in the area. Strict monitoring was carried out with tilling and plowing the soil at the plant roots. It helped soil aeration along with rapid growth of soil. Few corn plants experienced viral disease and they were removed immediately from the yard. When the plants are 2 feet tall, 1 cup of fertilizer has been applied for every 10 feet of garden row and scattered evenly within rows. The seeds are planted at a distance of 15 centimeters. Distance is an important factor as the fertilization of sweet corn is done by pollanization and cross pollanization cannot take place without proper distance. Thus controlling distance during plantation has been monitored properly. Water stress can cause damage to the plant and hinder their growth. Thus, water stress elimination is important during the pollination stage, as at this stage leaf rolling can occur due to water stress. Therefore, with strict monitoring soil irrigation has been done for reducing soil dryness. With the help of enviroscan, the soil moisture has been monitored during the maturation and germination phase. The main disease observed in sweet corn seed are smut and stewarts disease. Thus, in this cultivation project, the tolerant or cultivar resistant sweet corn seeds have been used. This disease is carried by flea beetles, thus beetle control is also needed. After purchasing the seeds, seeds were dusted with Thiram or captan. For controlling insects in the sweet corn field carbaryl (sevin) has been used which is useful for controlling corn earworm. The insecticide has been applied approximately 4 times throughout the session. The biopesticides has also been spread in timely manner along with an integrated pest management program (IPM). Effective weed control stops the perennial weeds that grow in any soil. A month before the actual sowing of the crop seeds, the field has been treated with herbicide and then covered up with the help of a cover crop. Then at the time of planting, the field has been ploughed deeply to eliminate unwanted seeds and roots that may germinate and become unwanted weed in the field. Another round of herbicide has been sprayed over the area with the spray band fixed at 150mm wide. The row spacing of the herbicide is kept at 900mm. This reduces the amount of herbicide applied to the field per square feet. Finally, boom spay has been applied. The plan of plant establishment has been focused upon the cultivation of sweet corn. We got an order from the client to make horticulture of sweet corn in a small field in the yard. Good quality seeds had been purchased for planting. At first, the site was examined for suitability of growing sweet corn. From the previous reports, it has been analyzed that the field gave good yield in previous season. After documenting the previous reports, the soil sample has been tested for its composition, texture, pH, compatibility. The overall status of the soil was good; however, there was moderate level of nitrate level in the soil. Thus, the nitrate rich fertilizers and cow dung have been applied along with digging and watering the field before planting. After approval of the cultivation after soil tests, the temperature and climate updates were checks for suitability of cultivation. The plant beds were made by vigorous digging and enabling sunlight and water to pass through it and to reduce t he chance of water logging. After preparing the plant bed, seeds were planted at 15 centimteter distance and water was sprinkled over the area regularly. The pH of the soil has been measured regularly and maintained within 6.5- 7.0 range. The plants were grown in three stages. The first stage of rapid growth that happened for four weeks after the emergence of the first shoot. It existed for 25 days which was again followed by tassel growth or emergence of the tassel. The stem undergone rapid elongation. The determination of ear size was done at this time. Next stage is the pollination stage that lasted 7 days. Stress in this period causes delayed silking, and it prevents the kernel development at the tip. The final stage is all about silking. It is not as important as that of the previous stages. This last stage lasted about 12 days. The kermel fill can be reduced if stress is introduced at this stage. During the pollanization state environmental risk management IPM were tightly regulated for stimulating pollanization and fruit formation. The above mentioned pesticides, insecticides which were narrow spectrum, applied on the field for improving the crop yield. In addition, the natural beneficial organisms were also identified in the field. With the help of cultivation consultant, proper Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a process of minimizing the risk to the environment and the people working in the field. It focuses on the long-term prevention of pests and the damage they cause by bringing about diseases. A well defined integrated pest management program focuses on these aspects: identification of the problem, making plans for prevention of pest infestation, monitoring the implemented plan, and controlling the associated problems and factors that aggravate the problem. IPM can be managed by both chemical and biological means. Biological pest control is more preferred than the c hemical ones. An integrated package of activities for managing pest is more sustainable than one broad-spectrum insecticide alone. The IPM for this sweet corn cultivation project includes: Scouting (monitoring) - monitoring is a critical step in the crop protection cycle. Thus, proper training of the project team was undertaken for providing adequate care and monitoring of the plants. I addition, a crop consultant was appointed for monitoring the growth of plants and making the spray decision. Monitoring included the maturity of heliothis eggs on the leaves and stems and the number of other pests such as head caterpillar, fruit beetles and dried fruit beetles. Monitoring also included the documentation of types and numbers of beneficial insects present on plants. Here, Trichogramma pretiosum has been identified which is beneficial for controlling heliothis pest. Biological and narrow spectrum insecticide usage- According to the data produced by Insect Pest Management in Sweet corn in support of the registration of Success and Gemstar with Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority for sweet corn in Australia, Gemstar and Spanosad has been applied on the crop field. Gemstar is an insect specific virus (Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus) which can kill heliothis. Spinosad has been used against pests which consist of secondary metabolites of Saccharopolyspora spinosa and it has low toxicity against beneficial organism. Narrow spectrum pesticide usage is also useful for reducing the resistance of pests towards pesticides. Naturally occurring beneficial - The naturally occurring beneficial organisms help to control the major pest of sweet corn. Trichogramma pretiosum has been identified. Pesticide application- The pest application strategy which has been undertaken was the application of the pesticides to the cob and silk area. Then the modified boom sprayers have been applied for improving yield. In this context, the most beneficial pesticide has been selected through a trial. With the help of consultant, the sprays were applied on the specific plant part.